Spark uses operators to co-sign transactions, but its unilateral exit mechanism allows users to recover Bitcoin on-chain if operators become unavailable. Each balance component, known as a leaf, has associated pre-signed transactions that can execute after a timelock expires.
The seed provides the cryptographic key; the emergency bundle provides the wallet-state information needed to reconstruct the exit. Neither is sufficient alone.
Blink demonstrated this mechanism in July, recovering approximately 90% of a 100,000-sat wallet balance during a mainnet test without operator cooperation. The process involved hours of transaction broadcasting, on-chain fees, and timelocks of roughly 2,000 blocks.